Africans

References for the whole page « Race differences in intelligence. An evolutionary Analysis », Chapter 4 pp.29-73, Richard Lynn, Washington Summit Publisher, 1st edition 2006 et 2nd edition 2015. 

1. IQ of Africans in Sub-Saharan Africa

2. IQ of Africans and European University Students

3. Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America

4. IQ of African Americans

5. IQ of Africans in Europe

6. Brain Size of Africans

7. Heritability of intelligence in African-Americans

1. IQ of Africans in Sub-Saharan Africa

IQ of Africans oscillates around a value of 71, we will later see that this value is partly due to an impact of undernourishment, the intellectual genotype of Africans is evaluated by Lynn at an IQ of 80, ie the value obtained by Africans living in sufficient nutrient conditions. We will later look at this extrapolated figure of 80.

Table 4.1. IQs of Africans in sub-Saharan Africa

	COUNTRY	AGE	N	TEST	IQ	REFERENCE
1	Benin	15	–	EDUC	69	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
2	Botswana	17/20	140	SPM	72	Lynn, 2010b
3	Botswana	15	–	EDUC	81.7	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
4	Burkina Faso	15	–	EDUC	72.3	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
5	Burundi	15	–	EDUC	76.4	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
6	Cameroon	Adults	80	CPM	64	Berlioz, 1955
7	Cameroon	15	–	EDUC	78	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
8	Cent. African Rep.	Adults	1,144	SPM	64	Latouche & Dormeau,1956
9	Chad	15	–	EDUC	68.4	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
10	Comoros	15	–	EDUC	71.9	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
11	Congo–Brazz.	13	88	SPM	73	Nkaya et al., 1994
12	Congo–Brazz.	Adults	580	SPM	75	Latouche & Dormeau, 1956
13	Congo–Brazz.	Adults	1,596	SPM	74	Latouche & Dormeau, 1956
14	Congo–Brazz.	15	–	EDUC	71.8	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
15	Congo–Zaire	6/10	693	CPM	73	Ombredane et al., 1956
16	Congo–Zaire	Adults	67	SPM	64	Verhagen, 1956
17	Congo–Zaire	17/29	320	SPM	69	Ombredane et al., 1952
18	Congo–Zaire	8	50	KAB	67	Boivin & Giordani, 1993
19	Congo–Zaire	7/12	95	KAB	68	Boivin et al., 1995
20	Congo–Zaire	7/9	130	KAB	65	Giordani et al., 1996
21	Congo–Zaire	7/9	139	KAB	61	Conant et al., 1999
22	Congo–Zaire	7/9	183	CPM	74	Kashala et al., 2005
23	Eritrea	4/7	148	CPM	85	Wolff et al., 1995
24	Eritrea	11	152	SPM	66	Wolff & Fessada, 1999
25	Ethiopia	5/14	162	CPM	64	Aboud et al., 1991
26	Ethiopia	15	250	SPM	68	Kaniel & Fisherman, 1991
27	Ethiopia	14/16	46	SPM	69	Kozulin, 1998
28	Ethiopia	6/7	29	CPM	86	Tzuriel & Kaufman, 1999
29	Ethiopia	7/11	108	CPM	70	Ayalew, 2005
30	Gabon	15	–	EDUC	77.9	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
31	Gambia	17	579	CPM	64	Jukes et al., 2006
32	Gambia- Mandinka	17	418	CPM	60	Jukes & Grigorenko, 2010
33	Gambia- Wolof	17	114	CPM	60	Jukes & Grigorenko, 2010
34	Ghana	8/15	2,894	SPM	70	Bulley, 1973
35	Ghana	18/30	2,16	SPM	77	Bulley, 1973
36	Ghana	Adults	225	CF	76	Buj, 1981
37	Ghana	15	1,693	CPM	62	Glewwe & Jacoby, 1992
38	Ghana	9/18	1,563	CPM	67	Heady, 2003
39	Ghana	15	–	EDUC	72.4	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
40	Guinea	5/14	50	AAB	63	Nissen et al., 1935
41	Guinea	Adults	1,144	SPM	70	Faverge & Falmagne, 1962
42	Ivory Coast	7/14	67	Piagetian	71	Dasen & Ngini, 1979
43	Ivory Coast	15	–	EDUC	65	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
44	Kenya	Adults	205	CPM	69	Boissiere et al., 1985
45	Kenya	6/10	1,222	CPM	78	Costenbader & Ngari, 2000
46	Kenya	12/15	85	CPM/MH	67	Sternberg et al., 2001
47	Kenya	7	118	CPM	76	Daley et al., 2003
48	Kenya	7	537	CPM	87	Daley et al., 2003
49	Kenya	6	184	KAB	63	Holding et al., 2004
50	Kenya	6/14	528	CPM	74	Neumann et al., 2007
51	Kenya	15	–	EDUC	81.9	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
52	Kenya	14	851	Various	76	Rindermann, 2012
53	Lesotho	15	–	EDUC	70	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
54	Madagascar	Adults	147	CPM	82	Raveau et al., 1976
55	Madagascar	15	–	EDUC	76	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
56	Malawi	7/14	268	CPM	71	Van der Vijver, 2009
57	Malawi	15	–	EDUC	65.1	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
58	Mali	9/12	746	CPM	74	Fontaine, 1963
59	Mali	adults	790	SPM	68	Fontaine, 1963
60	Mali	adults	270	SPM	71	Fontaine, 1963
61	Mali	8/85	413	CPM	64	Bellis et al., 1988
62	Mali	15	–	EDUC	69.8	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
63	Mozambique	20	149	CPM	64	Kendall, 1976
64	Mozambique	15	–	EDUC	76	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
65	Namibia	7/12	116	CPM	72	Veii & Everatt, 2005
66	Namibia	15	–	EDUC	70	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
67	Niger	15	–	EDUC	62.4	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
68	Nigeria	26	30	DAM	67	Haward & Roland, 1954
69	Nigeria	6/14	480	Leone	70	Ferron, 1965
70	Nigeria	Adults	86	SPM	64	Wober, 1969
71	Nigeria	6/13	375	CPM/PMA	69	Fahrmeier, 1975
72	Nigeria	5/7	150	SPM	87	Okunrotifa, 1976
73	Nigeria	9/10	88	SPM	83	Nwuga, 1977
74	Nigeria	9/10	165	SPM	80	Nwuga, 1977
75	Nigeria	11/12	120	SPM	72	Maqsud, 1980a
76	Nigeria	11/17	98	WISC-R	73	Ani et al., 1998
77	Nigeria	11	402	SPM	69	Jarotimi & Ijadunola, 2007
78	Nigeria	15	–	EDUC	79.1	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
79	Nigeria	14	413	SPM	70	Hur & Lynn, 2013
80	Nigeria	16	140	SPM	70	Hur & Lynn, 2013
81	Rwanda	5/17	148	Piagetian	76	Laurendeau-Bendavid, 1977
82	Senegal	7/14	559	DAM	67	Bardet, Moreigne & Sénécal, 1960
83	Senegal	5/12	58	KABC	74	Boivin, 2002
84	Senegal	15	–	EDUC	72	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
85	Sierra Leone	Adults	122	CPM	64	Berry, 1966
86	Sierra Leone	Adults	33	CPM	64	Binnie- Dawson, 1984
87	South Africa	10/14	293	AAB	65	Fick, 1929
88	South Africa	12/14	80	KB	68	Dent, 1937
89	South Africa	10/16	532	Non- verbal	72	Fick, 1939
90	South Africa	6/10	1,076	DAM	75	Hunkin, 1950
91	South Africa	8/16	1,008	SPM	75	Notcutt, 1950
92	South Africa	Adults	703	SPM	70	Notcutt, 1950
93	South Africa	10/12	278	NVR	74	Lloyd & Pidgeon, 1961
94	South Africa	25	140	WAIS-R	69	Avenant, 1988
95	South Africa	5/13	415	DAM	75	Richter et al., 1989
96	South Africa	9	350	SPM	67	Lynn & Holmshaw, 1990
97	South Africa	16	1,096	SPM	68	Owen, 1992
98	South Africa	19	711	CPM	71	Vass, 1992
99	South Africa	15/16	1,093	JAT	68	Lynn & Owen, 1994
100	South Africa	13	49	WISC-R	70	Murdoch et al., 1994
101	South Africa	17/20	140	SPM	77	Maqsud, 1997
102	South Africa	43	157	WAIS-R	69	Nell, 2000
103	South Africa	16	17	SPM	68	Sonke, 2000
104	South Africa	8	63	WPPSI/ WCST	71	Akande, 2000
105	South Africa	14	152	WCST/WISC-R	65	Skuy et al., 2001
106	South Africa	17	100	WCST/WISC-R/DAM	65	Skuy et al., 2001
107	South Africa	30	196	WAIS-3	82	Claassen et al., 2001
108	South Africa	8/10	806	CPM	68	Jinabhai et al., 2004
109	South Africa	11	379	CPM	71	Knoetze et al., 2005
110	South Africa	6/12	1,333	CPM	71	Linstrom, 2008
111	South Africa	9	340	SPM	69	Malda et al., 2010
112	South Africa	15	–	EDUC	72	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
113	South Africa	11	379	CPM	67.5	Bakhiet & Lynn, 2015
114	South Sudan	7/16	291	Various	69	Fahmy, 1964
115	Sudan	9/18	1,006	SPM	67	Khaleefa & Lynn, 2010
116	Swaziland	15	–	EDUC	81.8	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
117	Tanzania	Adults	179	CPM	60	Boissiere et al., 1985
118	Tanzania	11/13	458	WCST	72	Sternberg et al., 2002
119	Tanzania	15	–	EDUC	80.3	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
120	Tanzania	16	171	APM	75	Rindermann, 2012
121	Tanzania	14	891	Various	64	Rindermann, 2012
122	Uganda	11	514	DAM	82	Minde & Kantor, 1976
123	Uganda	14	–	SPM	66	Heyneman, 1977
124	Uganda	11	2,019	CPM	73	Heyneman & Jamison,1980
125	Uganda	15	–	EDUC	74	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
126	Uganda	14	872	Various	76	Rindermann, 2012
127	Zaire	6/30	693	CPM	73	Ombredane et al, 1956
128	Zaire	Adults	67	SPM	82	Verhagen, 1956
129	Zaire	17/29	320	SPM	69	Ombredane et al., 1952
130	Zaire	10/15	222	SPM	68	Laroche, 1959
131	Zaire	8	47	KABC	62	Boivin & Giordani, 1993
132	Zaire	7/12	95	KABC	68	Boivin et al., 1995
133	Zaire	7/9	130	KABC	65	Giordani et al., 1996
134	Zaire	8	183	CPM	74	Kashala et al., 2005
135	Zambia	15	759	SPM	75	MacArthur et al., 1964
136	Zambia	16	292	SPM	75	MacArthur et al., 1964
137	Zambia	Adults	152	SPM	64	Pons, 1974
138	Zambia	Adults	1,011	SPM	80	Pons, 1974
139	Zambia	15	–	EDUC	66.2	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
140	Zanzibar	15	–	EDUC	74.3	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
141	Zimbabwe	15	200	SPM	72	Irvine, 1969
142	Zimbabwe	12/14	204	WISC-R	71	Zindi, 1994
143	Zimbabwe	15	–	EDUC	76.2	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011

2. IQ of African and European University Students

Two points to note:

-The median value for African university students is 78, which is 7 points above the national average. Columns 6, 11, 12 and 13 correspond to Math students, who average 10 points higher than the university average.

-The average difference between Europeans and Africans is 20 points, the IQ of Europeans oscillates between 100 and 105 and is substantially equal to that of European university students in Europe.

Table 4.2. IQ of African and European university students in Africa

		AFRICANS			EUROPEANS
	COUNTRY	TEST	N	IQ	N	IQ	IQ DIFF	REFERENCE
1	Ghana	BD	66	79	–		–	Jahoda, 1970
2	S. Africa	APM	40	84	40	103	19	Poortinga, 1971
3	S. Africa	Blox	47	72	50	100	28	Poortinga & Foden, 1975
4	S. Africa	Blox	403	79	197	100	21	Taylor & Radford, 1986
5	S. Africa	WISC-R	63	75	–	–	–	Avenant, 1988
6	S. Africa	SPM	147	100	–	–	–	Zaaiman, 1998
7	S. Africa	SPM	30	77	–	–	–	Grieve & Viljoen, 2000
8	S. Africa	SPM	173	84	136	103	19	Rushton & Skuy, 2000
9	S. Africa	SPM	30	82	30	105	23	Sonke, 2000
10	S. Africa	SPM	70	81	–	–	–	Skuy et al., 2002
11	S. Africa	SPM	198	93	86	106	13	Rushton et al., 2002
12	S. Africa	APM	187	99	67	113	14	Rushton et al., 2003
13	S. Africa	APM	306	103	72	116	15	Rushton et al., 2004
14	S. Africa	SPM	887	95	398	110	15	Rushton, 2008
15	USA	Wonderlic	40	101.7	139	107.3	6.4	Pesta & Poznanski, 2008

3. Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America

The median value is 71, the same as for Africans in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Table 4.3. IQ of Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America

	COUNTRY	AGE	N	TEST	IQ	REFERENCE
1	Barbados	9–15	207	WISC-R	80	Galler et al., 1986
2	Brazil	9	100	DAM	70	Paine et al., 1992
3	Brazil	Adult	88	SPM	64	Paine et al., 1992
4	Brazil	9–10	223	SPM	71	Fernandez, 2001
5	Dominica	3	64	PPVT	67	Wein & Stevenson, 1972
6	Dominica	20-70	67	CPM	67	Meisenberg et al., 2006
7	Dominican Rep	15	–	EDUC	75.1	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011
8	Jamaica	11	1730	MH	72	Manley, 1963
9	Jamaica	11	50	Matrices	75	Vernon, 1969
10	Jamaica	5–12	71	WISC	60	Hertzig et al., 1972
11	Jamaica	10	128	CEFT	75	Bagley et al., 1983
12	Jamaica	15	31	WISC-R	67	Grantham- McGregor et al., 1994
13	Jamaica	25	54	PPVT	60	Grantham- McGregor et al., 1994
14	Jamaica	9–10	30	PPVT	71	Simeon & Grantham-McGregor, 1989
15	Antillies	9-11	97	CPM	87	Van de Vijfeijken et al., 1997
16	St. Lucia	4	60	PPVT	62	Murray, 1983
17	St.Vincent	8–11	174	CPM	71	Durbrow et al., 2002
18	Trinidad	15	–	EDUC	88	Meisenberg & Lynn, 2011

 4. IQ of African-Americans

The median value for African Americans is 84, which is significantly higher than the average of 71 in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are several reasons for this higher score.

-African-Americans enjoy better living conditions than in Africa, particularly regarding food.

-African Americans have an average of 25% of European Caucasian ancestors, Lynn estimates that there is a gain of 0.2 IQ points per percentage point of Caucasian gene, amounting to a gain of 5 points for 25%. That gain leads to 80 for the African intellectual genotype, if there is no hybridization. In the southern states of the United States, where hybridization with Europeans is only a few percent, the African-American IQ is actually about 80.

Table 4.4. IQ of African Americans in the United States

	YEAR	AGE	AFRICAN N	EURO. N	TEST	IQ	REFERENCE
1	1918	Adults	23,596	93,973	AA&B	83	Yerkes, 1921
2	1927	7/15	129	–	PPT	83	Nissen et al., 1935
3	1928	12	84	–	PPT	67	Nissen et al., 1935
4	1944	Adults	–	–	AGCT	77	Davenport, 1946
5	1964	Adults	–	–	AFQT	77	Karpinos, 1966
6	1916-65	3/6	1,700	–	Various	87	Shuey, 1966
7	1916-65	6/11	7,000	–	Various	85	Shuey, 1966
8	1916-65	6/11	75,050	–	Various	85	Shuey, 1966
9	1916-65	12/18	23,000	–	Various	85	Shuey, 1966
10	1966-80	3/6	–	–	Various	80	Osborne & McGurk, 1982
11	1966-80	6/11	100,000	–	Various	87	Osborne & McGurk, 1982
12	1966-80	12–18	16,000	–	Various	82	Osborne & McGurk, 1982
13	1966	24	7,300	5,733	SRAT	85	Broman et al., 1975
14	1970	4	12,029	9,730	SB	87	Broman et al., 1975
15	1974	7	19,968	18,474	WISC	87	Broman et al., 1975
16	1972	6/16	305	1,870	WISC-R	84	Kaufman & Doppelt, 1976
17	1977	16/74	7,270	16,134	GATB	81	Avolio & Waldman, 1994
18	1977	5/11	456	604	WISC-R	85	Mercer & Lewis, 1984
19	1978	16/74	192	1,664	WAIS-R	85	Reynolds et al., 1987
20	1980	14/22	3,022	6,502	AFQT	82	Herrnstein & Murray, 1994
21	1981	2/12	311	1,450	KABC	93	Kaufman & Kaufman, 1983
22	1982	3/18	932	4,519	PPVT	84	Dunn, 1988
23	1984	12/23	210	1,303	SB-4	83	Thorndike et al., 1986
24	1984	3	86	86	SB-LM	86	Montie & Fagan, 1988
25	1985	37	502	3,535	Various	83	Nyborg & Jensen, 2000
26	1989	6/16	338	1,620	WISC-3	85	Prifitera et al., 1998
27	1990	3/4	1134	2071	PPVT	82	Jencks & Phillips, 1998
28	1991	11/93	241	1,547	KAIT	88	Kaufman et al., 1994
29	1991	16/74	7,214	14,503	GATB	81	Avolio & Waldman, 1994
30	1991	6/16	711	776	WISC-R	85	Kramer et al., 1995
31	1993	3	33	33	SB-4	85	Peoples et al., 1995
32	1993	70+	833	5,122	MMSE	85	Zsembik & Peek, 2001
33	1993	Adults	806	5,300	Vocabulary	90	Lynn, 2004
34	1996	76	317	147	WAIS-Sim	87	Manly et al.,1998
35	1998	Adults	2,113	8,751	Literacy	86	Raudenbush & Kasim, 1998
36	1998	5/17	77	77	UNIT	86	Kane, 2007
37	2002	Adults	–	–	SB	88	Dickens & Flynn, 2006
38	2002	6/16s	–	–	WISC	88	Dickens & Flynn, 2006
39	2002	24	–	–	–	92	Flynn, 2007
40	2008	17	–	–	NAEP	81	Rushton & Jensen, 2010

 5. IQ of Africans in Europe

The median value is 85, the same as that of African Americans, the two reasons mentioned above also apply to Europe, except that the hybridization is less. The factor increasing the intelligence of Afro-Europeans is the difficulty related to immigration. You have to organize and find the money to invade Europe. This implies selective pressure on intelligence.

Table 4.6. IQ of Africans in the Netherlands, France and Belgium

	AGE	N	TEST	IQ	REFERENCE
1	Children	110	GALO	86	De Jong & van Batenburg, 1984
2	Children	123	RAKIT	84	Resing et al., 1986
3	Children	77	RAKIT	88	Resing et al., 1986
4	Children	138	–	85	De Jong, 1988
5	11	404	CITO	83	Pieke, 1988
6	Adults	535	GATB	85	Te Nijenhuis, 1997
7	Adults	129	GATB	85	Te Nijenhuis, 1997
8	Adults	588	PM	82	Raveau et al.,1976
9	Adults	28	CF	70	Klein et al., 2007

6. Brain size of Africans and Europeans

Table 4.11. Brain size (cc) of Europeans and Africans

			Europeans		Africans
	Location	Sex	N	Mean	N	Mean	Diff	Reference
1	World	mf	52	1,401	29	1,360	41	Morton, 1849
2	World	mf	1,840	1,364	880	1,314	50	Simmons, 1942
3	World	mf	–	1,427	–	1,363	64	Tobias, 1970
4	USA	mf	811	1,370	450	1,267	103	Ho et al., 1980
5	World	mf	–	1,369	–	1,283	86	Smith & Beals, 1990
6	World	m	–	1,476	–	1,416	60	Groves, 1991
7	USA	mf	2,871	1,380	2,676	1,359	21	Rushton, 1992
8	World	mf	–	1,320	–	1,211	109	Rushton, 2000

–

7. Heritability of Intelligence in African Americans

Table 4.13. Heritability of intelligence in African Americans

	Age	Mz-N	r	Dz-N	R	h2	c-h2	Reference
1	4	60	0.77	84	0.52	0.50	0.56	Loehlin et al., 1975
2	15	76	0.80	47	0.34	0.92	1.00	Osborne, 1980
3	10-15	65	0.63	95	0.36	0.54	0.60	Scarr, 1981

References for the whole page « Race differences in intelligence. An evolutionary Analysis », Chapter 4 pp. 29-73, Richard Lynn, Washington Summit Publisher, 1st edition 2006 and 2nd edition 2015.